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Showing posts with label Hardware Programming. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hardware Programming. Show all posts

Tuesday, December 31, 2013

C++ Program of Implementation of Selection Sort in C++, C Plus Plus, 

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#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
  
 void swap(int *x,int *y)
 {
    int temp;
    temp = *x;
    *x = *y;
    *y = temp;
 }
  
 void selection_sort(int list[], int n)
 {
   int i, j, min;
   
   for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
   {
     min = i;
     for (j = i+1; j < n; j++)
     {
        if (list[j] < list[min])
        {         
           min = j;
        }
     }
     swap(&list[i], &list[min]);
   }
 }
  
 void printlist(int list[],int n)
 {
    int i;
    for(i=0;i<n;i++)
       printf("%d\t",list[i]);
 }
  
void main()
 {
    const int MAX_ELEMENTS = 10;
    int list[MAX_ELEMENTS];
  
    int i = 0;
     
    // generate random numbers and fill them to the list
    for(i = 0; i < MAX_ELEMENTS; i++ ){
        list[i] = rand();
    }
    printf("The list before sorting is:\n");
    printlist(list,MAX_ELEMENTS);
     
    // sort the list
    selection_sort(list,MAX_ELEMENTS);
  
    // print the result
    printf("The list after sorting:\n");
    printlist(list,MAX_ELEMENTS);
}
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Simplest and Easiest Inheritance in C++: Easy Implementation of Inheritance in C++ Student/Teacher Program in C++ 

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#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define size 20

  class person

  {
      protected:

          char name[size];
          int id;

      public:

           person():id(0) {name[size]=' ';}
           virtual void getd();
           virtual void putd();
           virtual int isoutstanding()=0;

  };
class student : public person

      {
          protected:

              float gpa;

          public:

              student():person(){gpa=0;}
              void getd();
              void putd();
              int isoutstanding();

      };
class teacher : public person

        {
            protected:

                  int publish;

            public:

                 teacher():person(){publish=0;}
                 void getd();
                 void putd();
                int isoutstanding();

        };

                     //defineing functions for student class
void student::getd()


             {
                 cout<<"Enter the name of student\n";
                 cin.get(name,size);

                   cout<<"Enter ID or REG\n";
                   cin>>id;

                      cout<<"Enter gpa\n";
                      cin>>gpa;

             }
void student::putd()


                 {
                     int i=0;

                     cout<<"Name of student is\n";

                      while(name[i]!='\0')

                      {
                          cout<<name[i];
                           i++;
                      }

                          cout<<"Reg or ID is\n";
                          cout<<id;


                              cout<<"gpa is\n";
                              cout<<gpa;


                 }
int student::isoutstanding()

           {
               if(gpa>=3.5)
               return 1;
               else
               return 0;
           }



                       //defineing methods of teacher 
void teacher::getd()


             {
                 cout<<"Enter the name of teacher\n";
                 cin.get(name,size);

                   cout<<"Enter ID or REG\n";
                   cin>>id;

                      cout<<"Enter number of publishes\n";
                      cin>>publish;

}void teacher::putd()


                 {
                     int i=0;

                     cout<<"Name of teacher is\n";

                      while(name[i]!='\0')

                      {
                          cout<<name[i];
                           i++;
                      }

                          cout<<"Reg or ID is\n";
                          cout<<id;


                              cout<<"Number of publish is\n";
                              cout<<publish;


                 }
int teacher::isoutstanding()

           {
               if(publish>=5)
               return 1;
               else
               return 0;
           }




                 int main()

             {
                 person *pptr[20];
                  int n=0;
                  char choice,reply;

                        do

                     {
                          cout<<"Enter your choice";
                          cin>>choice;

                             if(choice=='s')
                             {
                              pptr[n] = new student;
                             }

                               else
                               {
                                pptr[n] = new teacher;
                               }

                                 pptr[n]->getd();

                                n++;

                                cout<<"Do you want to run it again\n";
                                cin>>reply;

                       }

                                 while(reply=='y');


                                    getche();

                                      return 0;

          }
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.asm, ASM, MASM, NASM, Assembly Language, To Display Floppy,MAth,Game-IO,DMA information when caps lock is on ; Else : Display Video Mode and No.of Drives installed. 

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;Programmed by Saqib khan
;Purpose: To Display Floppy,MAth,Game-IO,DMA information when caps lock is on
;    Else : Display Video Mode and No.of Drives installed.
;Dated: 22nd/May/2012
.model small
.stack 100h
.data 
 str_floppy_n  db 10,"Floppy disk drive not installed.$"
 str_floppy_y  db 10,"Floppy disk drive installed.   $"
 str_math_n    db 10,"Math coprocessor not installed. $"
 str_math_y    db 10,"Math coprocessor installed.$"
 str_game_y    db 10,"Game IO is installed:$"
 str_game_n    db 10,"Game IO is not installed:$"
 str_vid0    db 10,"Video Mode None $"
 str_vid1    db 10,"Video Mode:40*25 color $"
 str_vid2    db 10,"Video Mode:80*25 color $"
 str_vid3    db 10,"Video Mode:80*25 Monochrome $"
 str_dma_ok    db 10,"DMA is Present $"
 str_dma_not   db 10,"DMA is not Present $"
 str_drives    db 10,"No.of drives are: $"
.code
main: 
 mov ax,@data  
 mov ds,ax
 int 11h    ;Interrupt for Equipment installed
 mov bx,ax   ;Store original Copy
 mov ah,2   ;Interrup for Keyboard Special Keys
 int 16h    ;Call OS to do the job
 mov cl,2   ;Offset value for shifting
 shl al,cl   ;Shift Left al by the value of cl
 jc  video_mode  ;Jump if carry flag is on
floppy_y:
 mov ax,bx 
 and ax, 1   ;Masking value for Floppy disk drive
 jz floppy_n   ;Jump if zero flag
 lea dx,str_floppy_y ;Load address of string
 mov ah,9h   ;Service # to display string
 int 21h    ;Call OS to do the job
 jmp math_ok   ;jmp next block
floppy_n:
 lea dx,str_floppy_n ;Load address of string
 mov ah,9h   ;Service # to display string
 int 21h    ;Call OS to do the job
math_ok:
 mov ax,bx   ;Restore the original value
 and ax,2   ;Masking value for 
 jz math_no
 lea dx,str_math_y
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp dma_ok
math_no:
 lea dx,str_math_n
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
dma_ok:
 mov ax,bx
 and ax,256
 jz no_dma
 lea dx,str_dma_ok
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp Game_IO
no_dma:
 lea dx,str_dma_not
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h 
Game_IO:
 mov ax,bx
 and ax,4096
 jz no_game_io
 lea dx,str_game_y
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
no_game_io:
 lea dx,str_game_n
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp end_lbl
video_mode:
 mov ax,bx
 mov cl,4
 and ax,48
 shr al,cl 
 add al,30h
 cmp al,30h
 je str0_disp
 cmp al,31h
 je str1_disp
 cmp al,32h
 je str2_disp
 lea dx,str_vid3
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp chk_drives
str0_disp:
 lea dx,str_vid0
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp chk_drives
str1_disp:
 lea dx,str_vid1
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp chk_drives
str2_disp:
 lea dx,str_vid2
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
chk_drives:
 lea dx,str_drives
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 mov cl,6
 mov ax,bx
 and ax,192
 shr al,cl
 inc al
 mov dl,al
 add dl,30h
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
end_lbl:
 mov ah,4ch
 int 21h
     end main
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Switch Case Implementation, Easiest Implementation, Choice Assembly Language, ASM, MASM, NASM Switch CASE 

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;Programmed by SAQIB KHAN
;Purpose: Obtain Choice from user/Implement case
;Dated: 15th-MAY-2012

.model small
.stack 100h
.data 
     num1 db 97
     num2 db 2
 msg_add db 10,  "Press 0 for  Addition $"
     msg_sub db 10,  "Press 1 for  Subtraction $"
 msg_adc db 10,  "Press 2 to add with carry $"
 message db 10,  "Enter your choice: $"
msg_wrong db 10,  "Please enter correct choice $"
msg_verify db 10, "First operand sholud be greater than 2nd,Please change input values $"
.code
main:  
     mov ax,@data
     mov ds,ax
      
 lea dx,msg_add ;Display add message
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 
 lea dx,msg_sub ;Display subtract message
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h

 lea dx,msg_adc ;Display add message
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 
 lea dx,message  ;Display choice message
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 
 
 mov ah,1        ;read key from user
 int 21h
 mov ah,0        ;empty the ah ,upper part of ax
 
 sub al,30h     ; subtract 30h to get exact value from ascii
 
 shl al,1       ; multiply number by 2 to get to the case
 cmp al,4       ;compare for validity
 jg check       ;jump if al,greater than 4
 mov bx,ax      ;mov value of ax to bx for offset
 jmp cs:jmptble [bx]    ;jumptable

jmptble dw case0,case1,case2 ;cases 
 

check:
 lea dx,msg_wrong  ;Display wrong choice
 mov ah,9h   
 int 21h
 mov dl,10   ;Move to new line
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 jmp main   ;Loop again to get correct choice
case0:     ;Case0- Addition
 mov dl,10   ;move to new line
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 
 mov al,num1   ;copy num1 to al
 xor ah,ah   ;empty ah to zero 
    add al,num2       ; add num2 to al
    call display 
 jmp endlabel   ;jum to endlabel
case1:     ;Case1 for subtraction
 mov dl,10   ;;Move to new line
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h

 mov cl,num1   ;Copy number1 to cl
 cmp cl,num2   ;check if first numbr is smaller than second
 jl  verify   ;jump if num1 is less than num2
 
 mov al,num1   ;copy num1 to al
     xor ah,ah   ;empty the uper portion of ax
     sub al,num2       ;subtract two nmbers
    
    call display 
 jmp endlabel
case2:
 mov dl,10
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 
     mov al,num1
     xor ah,ah 
     adc al,num2     ;adc add 1 value to the sum (if carry flag is 1)
    
     call display
     jmp endlabel

verify: 
     lea dx,msg_verify
 mov ah,9
 int 21h
display:
mov dl,10   ;mov dl,10 to divide result in ax
     div dl    ;Dvide ax by 10
        mov dl,al   ;copy quotient to dl
        mov bl,ah   ;copy remainder to bl
        add dl,30h       ;add 30h to get actual number
        mov ah,2h   ;Service # to display character
 int 21h    ;Call OS to do the job
 add bl,30h   ;add 30h to remainder
 mov dl,bl   ;move to dl to display
        mov ah,2h   ;Service # to display character
        int 21h    ;Call OS to do the job
  ret
 

endlabel:
 mov ah,4ch
 int 21h

end main
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.asm Assembly Language MASM, ASM, To Display Clock Timing COAL Sir Asim CS 

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.model small
.stack 100h
.data
 hr dw ?
 min dw ?
 sec dw ?
 am_time db " AM$";
 pm_time db " PM$";
 time_is db "Your System Current time is  $" ;
 
.code
main:
 
 mov ax,@data
 mov ds,ax
 mov es,ax    ; Put it in ES  For valid string to be displayed
 
 mov ah,2ch    ;2ch returns time hours in ch,minutes in cl,sec in dh
 int 21h
store_hours:
 mov ax,0
 mov al,ch
 mov hr,ax
store_minutes:
 mov ax,0
 mov al,cl
 mov min,ax
store_seconds:
 mov ax,0
 mov al,dh
 mov sec,ax
Calculate_hrs:
 mov ax,0
 mov cx,0
 mov ax,hr
 cmp ax,11
 jg pm_1digit
rest_time:
 cmp al,0
 jg am_2digit
 mov dl,al
 add dl,12
 mov dh,0
 mov ax,dx
 call two_digits_handle
 mov dl,':'
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 jmp calc_mins
am_2digit:
 call two_digits_handle
 mov dl,':'
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
calc_mins:
 mov ax,min
 call two_digits_handle
 mov dl,':'
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
calc_secs:
 mov ax,sec 
 call two_digits_handle
 cmp hr,12
 jnl  pmdisp
 lea dx,am_time
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp end_lbl
pmdisp:
 lea dx,pm_time
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp end_lbl
pm_1digit:
 sub ax,12   
 cmp ax,0
 jg  pm_2digit
 mov dl,al
 add dl,12
 mov dh,0
 mov ax,dx
 call two_digits_handle
 mov dl,':'
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 jmp calc_mins
pm_2digit:
 call two_digits_handle
 mov dl,':'
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 jmp calc_mins
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 
two_digits_handle proc
  mov  dl,10
 div dl
 mov bl,ah
 mov dl,al
 add dl,30h
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 mov dl,bl
 add dl,30h
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h
 ret
two_digits_handle endp

end_lbl: 
mov ah,4ch
int 21h
end main
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.asm Coal ASM File Assembly Language: To display 4 items of my personal information Assembly Langugae Sir Asim 

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; Programmed by: SAQIB KHAN
; Purpose: To display 4 items of my personal information
; Date: 27th/april/2012

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
        str db "Name : Saqib Khan $"   ; A string to display
        chr db 65               ; ASCII code of A
        val dw ?                ; Unintialized data item
.code
main:   mov ax, @data           ; Obtain address of data segment
        mov ds, ax              ; Initialize data segment

        lea dx, str             ; Obtain offset address of str
        mov ah, 9h              ; Service # to display a string
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the job

        mov dl, 13              ; Place ASCII code of Enter key
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation

        mov dl, 10              ; Place ASCII code of Line feed
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation
        
        mov dl, chr             ; Place ASCII code of char to display
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation

        mov ah, 4ch             ; Service # to terminate a program normally
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do it
end main

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Saturday, June 1, 2013

Generate a beautiful Sound from the System Internal Speaker in Assembly language

.model small
.stack
.data
array dw 262,400,262,400,294,800,262,800,349,800,330,1000
;tne db 20
.code
main:
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
in al,61h                ;Read Port B
jmp $+2                    ;Wait
or al,3                    ;Set timer bits on 1 and 2
out 61h,al                ;Send to Port B
mov al,0B6h                ;Configuration word for sound
out 43h,al                ;Sned to Command register
;mov cl,5
;repead:
;call happy_bday
;dec cl
;cmp cl,0
;jne repead
;jmp finish


happy_bday:
mov dx,12                ;Number of Frequencies
mov si, offset array    ;SI points to array
next:
mov bx,[si]                ;Get first value from array
call play                ;Call play function
dec dx                   ; Decrement repeat routine count
cmp dx, 0                 ; Is DX (repeat count) = to 0
jnz  next               ; If not zero jump to NEXT
jmp stop                ;Jump to stop

play:
mov ax,0                ;Clear ax values
mov ax,bx                ;Copy frequency from bx to ax
out 42h,al                ;Send lower byte
mov al,ah                ;Copy higher byte from ah to al
out 42h,al                ;Send higher byte
inc si                    ;Increment to point to next value
inc si

Delay_time_to_play:
mov cx,1000                 ; Repeat loop 1000 times
Outer_Loop:           
mov bx,cx                ;Save cx to bx
mov cx,1000            ;Inner loop to be repeated 10000 times
Inner_Loop:
jmp $+2                  ;Wait
loop Inner_Loop            ;Loops to inner loop
jmp $+2                    ;Wait
mov cx,bx                ;Restore outer cx value
LOOP Outer_Loop            ; Jump repeatedly to Outer loop until cx=0
ret                        ;return

stop:
mov bl,0FCh                ;Set 1 and 2 bit of timer to zero again
in al,61h                ;Read port B
jmp $+2                    ;Wait
and al,bl                ;Change 1 and 2 bit ingnoring the rest
out 61h,al                ;Send to port B

finish:                   
mov ah,4ch                ;Service # to end program
int 21h                    ;Call OS to do the job
end main   
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System Info Display Int 11h

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
         str db "flopy is enable $"   ; A string to display1
        str1 db "floppy is disable $"   ; A string to display2
        str2 db "math co processor is enable $"   ; A string to display2
        str3 db "math co processor is disbale $"   ; A string to display2
        str4 db "dma is enable $"   ; A string to display2
        str5 db "dma is disable $"   ; A string to display1
        str6 db "number of video mode $"   ; A string to display2
        str7 db "number of disk in a system $"   ; A string to display2
        str8 db "capslock is off $"   ; A string to display2
        str9 db "capslock is onn$"   ; A string to display2
       

.code
main: mov ax, @data
 mov ds, ax

        mov ah,2
        int 16h                    ;keyword services
        mov cl,7                   ;mov value
        shr al,cl                   ;shift right function
        jc  to_jmp_long             ;check capslock if on then jump otherwise continuee
    mov dl,10                  ;newline
    mov ah,2h
    int 21h

 lea dx,str8                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h

        int 11h                    ;checking intrrupt
        mov bx,ax                  ;for tempry store
        mov cl,1                   ;mov value
        shr ax,cl                  ;shift right function

        jc floppydiskon            ; check floppy

        mov dl,10                  ;newline
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h

 lea dx,str1                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h

      
mathcop:
         mov ax,bx
         mov cl,2
         shr ax,cl
         jc mathcoproceesor_on
       
         mov dl,10                  ;newline
   mov ah,2h
  int 21h


 lea dx,str3                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
       
dma:
       
         mov ax,bx
         mov cl,9
         shr ax,cl
         jc dma_on

         mov dl,10                  ;newline
   mov ah,2h
  int 21h


 lea dx,str5                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
to_jmp_long:
    jmp capslockon
jmp ending

dma_on:
   
         mov dl,10                  ;newline
   mov ah,2h
  int 21h


 lea dx,str4                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
 jmp ending
       


mathcoproceesor_on:

         mov dl,10                  ;newline
   mov ah,2h
  int 21h


 lea dx,str2                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
       
       jmp dma

floppydiskon:

        mov dl,10                  ;newline
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h


 lea dx,str                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h
        jmp mathcop


capslockon:
       
        mov dl,10                  ;newline
 mov ah,2h
 int 21h

 lea dx,str9                ;show output
 mov ah,9h
 int 21h




ending:
        mov ah, 4ch             ; Service # to terminate a program normally
        int 21h                 ;
        end main
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Simplest Implementaion of Switch Case in Assembly Language .asm file MASM file 32-bit/64bit

;Programmed by SAQIB KHAN
;Purpose: Obtain Choice from user/Implement case
;Dated: 15th-MAY-2012

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
        num1 db 97
        num2 db 2
    msg_add db 10,  "Press 0 for  Addition $"
        msg_sub db 10,  "Press 1 for  Subtraction $"
    msg_adc db 10,  "Press 2 to add with carry $"
    message db 10,  "Enter your choice: $"
msg_wrong db 10,  "Please enter correct choice $"
msg_verify db 10, "First operand sholud be greater than 2nd,Please change input values $"
.code
main: 
        mov ax,@data
        mov ds,ax
                       
    lea dx,msg_add    ;Display add message
    mov ah,9h
    int 21h
   
    lea dx,msg_sub    ;Display subtract message
    mov ah,9h
    int 21h

    lea dx,msg_adc    ;Display add message
    mov ah,9h
    int 21h
   
    lea dx,message  ;Display choice message
    mov ah,9h
    int 21h
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;   
   
    mov ah,1                 ;read key from user
    int 21h
    mov ah,0                 ;empty the ah ,upper part of ax
   
    sub al,30h              ; subtract 30h to get exact value from ascii
   
    shl al,1                ; multiply number by 2 to get to the case
    cmp al,4                ;compare for validity
    jg check                ;jump if al,greater than 4
    mov bx,ax               ;mov value of ax to bx for offset
    jmp cs:jmptble [bx]          ;jumptable

jmptble dw case0,case1,case2 ;cases   
   

check:
    lea dx,msg_wrong        ;Display wrong choice
    mov ah,9h           
    int 21h
    mov dl,10            ;Move to new line
    mov ah,2h
    int 21h
    jmp main            ;Loop again to get correct choice
case0:                    ;Case0- Addition
    mov dl,10            ;move to new line
    mov ah,2h
    int 21h
   
    mov al,num1            ;copy num1 to al
    xor ah,ah            ;empty ah to zero   
    add al,num2             ; add num2 to al
    call display   
    jmp endlabel            ;jum to endlabel
case1:                    ;Case1 for subtraction
    mov dl,10            ;;Move to new line
    mov ah,2h
    int 21h

    mov cl,num1            ;Copy number1 to cl
    cmp cl,num2            ;check if first numbr is smaller than second
    jl  verify            ;jump if num1 is less than num2
   
    mov al,num1            ;copy num1 to al
        xor ah,ah            ;empty the uper portion of ax
        sub al,num2             ;subtract two nmbers
   
    call display   
    jmp endlabel
case2:
    mov dl,10
    mov ah,2h
    int 21h
   
        mov al,num1
        xor ah,ah   
        adc al,num2     ;adc add 1 value to the sum (if carry flag is 1)
   
        call display
        jmp endlabel

verify:   
        lea dx,msg_verify
    mov ah,9
    int 21h
display:
mov dl,10            ;mov dl,10 to divide result in ax
        div dl                ;Dvide ax by 10
        mov dl,al            ;copy quotient to dl
        mov bl,ah            ;copy remainder to bl
        add dl,30h                ;add 30h to get actual number
        mov ah,2h            ;Service # to display character
    int 21h                ;Call OS to do the job
    add bl,30h            ;add 30h to remainder
    mov dl,bl            ;move to dl to display
        mov ah,2h            ;Service # to display character
        int 21h             ;Call OS to do the job
        ret
   

endlabel:
    mov ah,4ch
    int 21h

end main
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Display Personal Information in Assembly Language .asm file Coal

; Programmed by: SAQIB KHAN
; Purpose: To display 4 items of my personal information
; Date: 27th/april/2012

.model small
.stack 100h
.data
        str db "Name : Saqib Khan $"   ; A string to display
        chr db 65               ; ASCII code of A
        val dw ?                ; Unintialized data item
.code
main:   mov ax, @data           ; Obtain address of data segment
        mov ds, ax              ; Initialize data segment

        lea dx, str             ; Obtain offset address of str
        mov ah, 9h              ; Service # to display a string
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the job

        mov dl, 13              ; Place ASCII code of Enter key
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation

        mov dl, 10              ; Place ASCII code of Line feed
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation
       
        mov dl, chr             ; Place ASCII code of char to display
        mov ah, 2h              ; Service # to display a char
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do the operation

        mov ah, 4ch             ; Service # to terminate a program normally
        int 21h                 ; Call OS to do it
end main
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